通過鍛造能消除金屬在冶煉過程中產(chǎn)生的鑄態(tài)疏松等缺陷，優(yōu)化微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)，同時由于保存了完整的金屬流線，鍛件的機(jī)械性能一般優(yōu)于同樣材料的鑄件。

Forging can eliminate the defects such as casting porosity and so on during the smelting process, and optimize the microstructure. At the same time, because of the intact metal flow line, the mechanical properties of the forgings are generally better than those of the same materials.

低塑性拔長時，應(yīng)注意選擇合適的送進(jìn)比，送進(jìn)比太小時，變形集中在上下部，中心都鍛不透，并沿軸向產(chǎn)生拉鍛造應(yīng)關(guān)于鍛件的一些基本知識力，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部橫向裂紋產(chǎn)生。在鐓粗時，常用軟襯墊鐓粗或疊鐓（用于鍛薄餅形零件），以改善變形的不均勻性，防止產(chǎn)生表面裂紋。碾環(huán)是指通過專用設(shè)備碾環(huán)機(jī)生產(chǎn)不同直徑的環(huán)形零件，主要用來生產(chǎn)汽車輪轂、火車車輪等輪形零件。

When low plasticity is pulled out, attention should be paid to selecting suitable delivery ratio, sending too much time, deformation  on the upper and lower parts, and the center can not be built, and forging along the axial direction should be related to some basic knowledge of forging, resulting in the occurrence of internal transverse cracks. In the upsetting, commonly used soft liner (for upsetting or folding upsetting forging thin pancake, uneven parts) to improve the deformation, prevent the generation of cracks on the surface.

拔長 拔長是使坯料的長度增加，截面減小的鍛造工序，通常用來生產(chǎn)軸類件毛坯，如車床主軸、連桿等。

沖孔 用沖子在坯料上沖出通孔或不通孔的鍛造工序。彎曲 使坯料彎曲成一定角度或形狀的鍛造工序。

Drawing and drawing is a forging process that increases the length of the billet and reduces the section. It is usually used to produce shaft parts, such as spindle and connecting rod.

Forging punch punching out through holes or blind holes in the blank. The forging process of bending the billet into a certain angle or shape.